All a Newbie would want to know

Jan 30, 2010

I copied this from MSN and thought with the same questions asked on the board over and over...these articles could help!!!

Newbies...bookmark this and save it to your computer so you can always go back and reference it.  Then maybe you can pass on the information to someone else wondering about RNY...Pay it forward ~ baby!!


Gastric bypass surgery: What can you expect?

Gastric bypass surgery overview details the surgical procedure, risks, complications and possible weight-loss results.

From MayoClinic.com

Find more Gastric bypass diet: What to eat after weight-loss surgery Gastric bypass surgery: Who is it for?

Weight-loss (bariatric) surgery changes the anatomy of your digestive system to limit the amount of food you can eat and digest. The surgery aids in weight loss and lowers your risk of medical problems associated with obesity.

Gastric bypass is the favored bariatric surgery in the United States. Surgeons prefer this surgery because it's safer and has fewer complications than other available weight-loss surgeries. It can provide long-term, consistent weight loss if accompanied with ongoing behavior changes.

Gastric bypass isn't for everyone with obesity, however. It's a major procedure that poses significant risks and side effects and requires permanent changes in your lifestyle. Before deciding to go forward with the surgery, it's important to understand what's involved and what lifestyle changes you must make. In large part, the success of the surgery is up to you.

How is gastric bypass surgery done?

In gastric bypass (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) the surgeon creates a small pouch at the top of your stomach and adds a bypass around a segment of your stomach and small intestine.

The surgeon staples your stomach across the top, sealing it off from the rest of your stomach. The resulting pouch is about the size of a walnut and can hold only about an ounce of food. The pouch is physically separated from the rest of the stomach. Then, the surgeon cuts the small intestine and sews part of it directly onto the pouch.

This connection redirects the food, bypassing most of your stomach and the first section of your small intestine, the duodenum (doo-o-DEE-num). Food enters directly into the second section of your small intestine, the jejunum (jay-JOO-num), limiting your ability to absorb calories. Even though food never enters the lower part of your stomach, the stomach stays healthy and continues to secrete digestive juices to mix with food in your small intestine.

Some surgeons perform this operation by using a laparoscope — a small, tubular instrument with a camera attached — through short incisions in the abdomen (laparoscopic gastric bypass). The tiny camera on the tip of the scope allows the surgeon to see inside your abdomen.

Compared with traditional "open" gastric bypass, the laparoscopic technique usually shortens your hospital stay and leads to a quicker recovery. Fewer wound-related problems also occur. Not everyone is a candidate for laparoscopic gastric bypass, however. Talk to your doctor about whether this approach is appropriate for you.

 

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Image of gastric bypass surgery

Before gastric bypass, food (see arrows) enters your stomach and passes into the small intestine. After surgery, food is redirected so that it bypasses (see shaded areas) most of your stomach and the ...

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What can you expect during the surgery?

Gastric bypass surgery is performed under general anesthesia. This means you inhale analgesics as a gas or receive the anesthetic agent through an intravenous (IV) line so that you're asleep during the surgery.

During surgery, a tube is passed through your nose into the upper stomach pouch. Occasionally, this tube stays in overnight. The tube is connected to a suction machine after surgery to keep the small stomach pouch empty so that the staple line can heal.

You may have another tube in the bypassed stomach. This tube comes out the side of your abdomen and is removed four to six weeks after surgery. Some skin irritation may develop around this tube.

Gastric bypass surgery takes about four hours. After surgery, you wake up in a recovery room, where medical staff will monitor you for any complications. Your hospital stay may last from three to five days.

What can you expect after gastric bypass surgery?

You won't be allowed to eat for one to three days after the surgery so that your stomach can heal. Then, you'll follow a specific progression of your diet for about 12 weeks. The progression begins with liquids only, proceeds to pureed and soft foods, and finally to regular foods.

With your stomach pouch reduced to the size of a walnut, you'll need to eat very small meals during the day. In the first six months after surgery, eating too much or too fast may cause vomiting or an intense pain under your breastbone. The amount you can eat gradually increases, but you won't be able to return to your old eating habits.

You may experience one or more of the following changes as your body reacts to the rapid weight loss in the first three to six months:

 

• Body aches
• Feeling tired, as if you have the flu
• Feeling cold
• Dry skin
• Hair thinning and hair loss
• Mood changes

 

What are the benefits of gastric bypass surgery?

Within the first two years of surgery, you can expect to lose 50 percent to 60 percent of your excess weight. If you closely follow dietary and exercise recommendations, you can keep most of that weight off long term.

In addition to dramatic weight loss, gastric bypass surgery may improve or resolve the following conditions associated with obesity:

 

• Type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

 

The improvements observed in type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high blood triglycerides may significantly decrease the risk of cardiovascular events in people who have undergone gastric bypass surgery compared with those people who did not have surgery. Also, gastric bypass surgery may reduce the risk of dying of diabetes, heart disease and cancer. The surgery has also shown to improve mobility and quality of life for people who are severely overweight.

What are the risks of gastric bypass surgery?

As with any major surgery, gastric bypass carries risks such as bleeding, infection and an adverse reaction to the anesthesia. Possible risks specific to this surgery include:

 

• Death. A risk of death has been associated with gastric bypass surgery. It has generally been reported to be one death per 200 to 300 surgeries. Higher risks have been reported amongst Medicare recipients. The risk varies depending on age, general health and other medical conditions. Talk to your doctor about the exact level of risk gastric bypass surgery may pose for you.
• Blood clots in the legs. Blood clots in the legs are more likely to occur in very overweight people. Blood clots can be dangerous. In some cases, they travel to the lungs and lodge in the lungs' arteries causing a pulmonary embolism — a serious condition that damages lung tissue and can lead to death. Walking and using leg wraps that apply intermittent pressure to the leg can help reduce this risk of blood clots in the legs. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of clotting in people undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Quitting smoking is strongly recommended.
• Leaking at one of the staple lines in the stomach. This severe postoperative problem is treated with antibiotics. Many cases heal with time. Often, however, the leak can be serious enough to require emergency surgery.
• Incision hernia. An incision hernia is a weakness in the incision. This is more likely to occur if you have an open procedure and a large abdominal incision. This usually requires surgical repair, depending on the symptoms and the extent of the hernia.
• Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine. This rare complication may require either an outpatient procedure — in which a tube is passed through your mouth to widen (dilate) the narrowed opening — or a corrective surgery.
• Dumping syndrome. This is a condition where stomach contents move too quickly through the small intestine, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness and sweating. It's frequently experienced after eating sweets or high-fat foods.

 

Other potential complications of gastric bypass surgery include:

 

• Vitamin and mineral deficiency (iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B-12 deficiency and vitamin D deficiency)
• Dehydration
• Gallstones
• Bleeding stomach ulcer
• Intolerance to certain foods
• Kidney stones
• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) related to excessive insulin production

 

What are other weight-loss surgery options?

Though it's the most commonly used, gastric bypass is just one kind of weight-loss surgery. Other types include:

 

• LAP-BAND adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). The surgeon uses an inflatable band to partition the stomach into two parts by wrapping the band around the upper part of your stomach. Pulling it tight like a belt, the surgeon creates a tiny channel between the two pouches. The band keeps the opening from expanding and is designed to stay in place indefinitely. It can be adjusted or surgically removed if necessary. LAGB is gaining popularity because it's a simpler procedure and has a lower complication rate when compared with more-involved procedures. However, LAGB causes less weight loss and a slower rate of weight loss than does the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This surgery isn't recommended for people who have certain medical conditions, such as Crohn's disease, large hiatal hernias or a history of gastric ulcers.
• Vertical banded gastroplasty. This operation, also referred to as stomach stapling, divides the stomach into two parts — limiting space for food and forcing you to eat less. There is no bypass. Using a surgical stapler, the surgeon divides your stomach into upper and lower sections. The upper pouch is small and empties into the lower pouch — the rest of your stomach. Partly because it doesn't lead to adequate long-term weight loss, this weight-loss surgery has fallen out of favor.
• Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. In this procedure, the surgeon removes about 80 percent of the stomach. The valve that releases food to the small intestine is left along with a limited portion of the small intestine that normally connects to the stomach (duodenum). The surgery bypasses the majority of the intestine by connecting the end portion of the intestine to the duodenum near the stomach. This weight-loss surgery offers sustained weight loss, but it presents a greater risk of malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies and requires close monitoring. It's generally used for people who have a body mass index greater than 50.

 

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Gastric bypass diet: What to eat after weight-loss surgery

Gastric bypass diet — recommendations on what you can eat after weight-loss surgery.

From MayoClinic.com

Find more Gastric bypass surgery: Who is it for? Gastric bypass surgery: What can you expect?

What you eat, how you eat and how much you eat changes after gastric bypass surgery — surgery that alters the anatomy of your digestive system to promote weight loss.

With your stomach pouch reduced to the size of a walnut or small egg and portions of your small intestine bypassed, you'll need to follow a specific diet after gastric bypass surgery. A registered dietitian can assist you in creating this gastric bypass diet, which includes what type and how much food to eat with each meal and the required consistency and texture of the food. Closely following your gastric bypass diet promotes healthier weight loss and better nutrition.

After surgery: The first three months

You won't be allowed to eat for one to two days after the surgery. Then you consume specific foods according to a diet progression. The purpose of the gastric bypass diet progression is to help in the healing process, minimize stress on surgical sites and allow time for your body to adapt to the new eating patterns.

The following are common phases in the gastric bypass diet progression:

 

• Liquids — foods and fluids that are liquid or semiliquid at room temperature and contain mostly water, such as broth, juice, milk, strained cream soup and cooked cereal. In most cases, you stay on a liquid diet for one to two days.
• Pureed foods — foods with a consistency of a smooth paste or a thick liquid. Pureed foods contain no distinct pieces. The pureed diet is generally followed for three to four weeks, or as recommended by your dietitian or doctor.
• Soft foods — foods that are tender and easy to chew, such as ground or finely diced meats, canned or soft, fresh fruit, and cooked vegetables. You usually eat soft foods for eight weeks before progressing to eating foods of regular consistency with firmer texture as recommended by your dietitian or doctor.

 

During the diet progression, you eat many small meals a day and sip liquids slowly throughout the day (not with meals). You might first start with six small meals a day, then progress to four meals and finally, when following a regular diet, decrease to three meals a day. Typically, each meal includes protein-rich foods, such as lean meat, low-fat dairy products (yogurt, cheese) or eggs. Protein is important for maintaining and repairing your body after surgery.

How quickly you move from one step to the next depends on how fast your body adjusts to the change in eating patterns and the texture and consistency of food. People usually start eating regular foods with a firmer texture three months after surgery, but it can occur sooner.

Lifelong changes: New eating habits

The changes in your digestive system restrict how much you can eat and drink with each meal. To avoid problems and to ensure you're getting nutrients you need, closely follow these guidelines:

 

• Eat small amounts. Just after surgery, your stomach holds only about 1 ounce of food. Though your stomach stretches over time to hold more food, by the end of three months, you may be able to eat 1 to 1 1/2 cups of food with each meal. Eating too much food not only adds more calories than you need but also may cause pain, nausea and vomiting. Make sure you eat only the recommended amounts and stop eating before you feel full.
• Eat and drink slowly. Eating or drinking too quickly may cause dumping syndrome — when foods and liquids enter your small intestine rapidly and in larger amounts than normal, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness and sweating. To prevent dumping syndrome, choose foods and liquids low in fat and sugar, eat and drink slowly, and wait 30 minutes before or after each meal to drink liquids. Take at least 30 minutes to eat your meals and 30 to 60 minutes to drink 1 cup of liquid. Avoid foods high in fat and sugar, such as regular soda, candy and candy bars, and ice cream.
• Chew food thoroughly. The new opening that leads from your stomach into your intestine is very small, and larger pieces of food can block the opening. Blockages prevent food from leaving your stomach and could cause vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. Take small bites of food and chew them to a pureed consistency before swallowing. If you can't chew the food thoroughly, don't swallow it.
• Drink liquids between meals. Drinking liquids with your meals can cause pain, nausea and vomiting as well as dumping syndrome. Also, drinking too much liquid at or around mealtime can leave you feeling overly full and prevent you from eating enough nutrient-rich foods. Expect to drink at least 6 to 8 cups (48 to 64 ounces) of fluids a day to prevent dehydration.
• Try new foods one at a time. After surgery, certain foods may cause nausea, pain, vomiting or may block the opening of the stomach. The ability to tolerate foods varies from person to person. Try one new food at a time and chew thoroughly before swallowing. If a food causes discomfort, don't eat it. As time passes, you may be able to eat this food. Foods and liquids that commonly cause discomfort include meat, bread, pasta, rice, raw vegetables, milk and carbonated beverages. Food textures not tolerated well include dry, sticky or stringy foods.
• Take recommended vitamin and mineral supplements. After surgery, your body has difficulty absorbing certain nutrients because most of your stomach and part of your small intestine are bypassed. To prevent a vitamin or mineral deficiency, take vitamin and mineral supplements regularly. These generally include a multivitamin-multimineral, calcium, iron, vitamin B-12 and vitamin D. Talk to your health care provider about recommended vitamin and mineral supplements following gastric bypass surgery.

 

Weight loss and weight gain

Within the first two years following surgery, you can expect to lose 50 percent to 60 percent of your excess weight, if you follow the dietary and exercise recommendations. If you continue to follow these recommendations, you can keep most of that weight off long term.

People who regain weight after gastric bypass surgery usually are consuming too many high-calorie foods and beverages and don't exercise enough. And rather than eating three meals a day and perhaps a planned healthy snack, some people engage in a grazing-type eating pattern — eating food all day long. Grazing often leads to consuming too many calories, which causes weight gain.

Successful weight management requires the following healthy habits:

 

• Limit or avoid high-sugar, high-fat foods, which provide many calories but few nutrients.
• Minimize unplanned snacking or frequent grazing, which increases calorie intake.
• Exercise regularly.
• Take the recommended vitamin and mineral supplements.
• Attend regular follow-up appointments with your health care provider to review your symptoms and progress and to make sure you don't have any vitamin or mineral deficiencies.

 

If you aren't losing weight or are regaining weight after surgery, see your doctor. He or she can help assess your eating behaviors and exercise habits and help you confront and overcome any weight-loss obstacles.

Though weight-loss surgery helps you shed the pounds, its success depends on your willingness to adopt lifelong healthy-eating and exercise habits. What you eat and how you eat changes after surgery, but the benefits of weight loss and your improved health are well worth these efforts.

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Gastric bypass surgery: Who is it for?

Gastric bypass surgery — Find out if you're a candidate for this weight-loss surgery.

From MayoClinic.com

Find more Gastric bypass diet: What to eat after weight-loss surgery Gastric bypass surgery: What can you expect?

It's always best to lose weight through a healthy diet and regular physical activity. But if you're among those who have tried and can't lose the excess weight that's causing your health problems, weight-loss (bariatric) surgery may be an option.

Gastric bypass surgery — one type of bariatric surgery — changes the anatomy of your digestive system to limit the amount of food you can eat and digest. Weight loss is achieved by restricting the amount of food that your stomach can hold and by reducing the amount of calories that are absorbed.

Gastric bypass surgery isn't for everyone, however. It's a major procedure that poses significant risks and side effects and requires permanent changes in your lifestyle. An extensive and careful screening process determines whether you're a candidate for this surgery.

Gastric bypass surgery criteria

Generally, gastric bypass surgery is reserved for people who are unable to achieve or maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise, are severely overweight, and who have health problems as a result. Gastric bypass surgery may be considered if:

 

• Your body mass index (BMI) is 40 or higher (extreme obesity)

• Your BMI is 35 to 39.9 (obesity), and you have a serious weight-related health problem, such as diabetes or high blood pressure

 

Gastric bypass surgery doesn't replace the need for following a healthy diet and regular physical activity program. In fact, the success of the surgery depends in part on your commitment to following the guidelines given to you about diet and exercise. As you consider weight-loss surgery, make sure that you make every effort to exercise more, change your eating habits and adjust any other lifestyle factors that have contributed to your excess weight.

Before surgery: The screening process

Surgical candidates must go through an extensive screening process. Not everyone who meets the criteria for gastric bypass surgery is psychologically or medically ready for the surgical procedure. A team of professionals, including a physician, dietitian, psychologist and surgeon, evaluates whether weight-loss surgery is appropriate for you. This involves identifying which aspects of your health might improve after surgery and which aspects of your health may increase the risks of surgery. Surgery is recommended when the perceived benefits of surgery outweigh the recognized risks.

Your willingness and ability to follow through with the recommendations made by your health care team and to carry out prescribed changes in your diet and exercise routine help determine your readiness for surgery. The surgery may not be recommended or may be postponed if there's concern that you aren't psychologically or medically ready for such surgery.

It's important to follow your doctor's directions in preparing for gastric bypass surgery. These may include restrictions on eating and drinking, limiting or stopping the use of nicotine products, and starting a physical activity program.

Surgery may be delayed or canceled if:

 

• There is concern that you're not psychologically or medically ready for surgery
• You haven't made appropriate changes in your lifestyle
• You've gained weight during the evaluation process

 

Financial concerns

Once you've completed the screening process and your surgeon determines you're a candidate for gastric bypass surgery, you need to secure financial preapproval from your medical insurance company, Medicare or state assistance. The preapproval process requires documentation from your team of doctors that demonstrates a medical need for the procedure. It usually takes several weeks to receive approval.

Requirements for proving medical necessity for weight-loss surgery vary among insurers. Check to see what related services are covered, for example, pre-evaluation appointments and follow-up appointments after surgery. You may have to pay some of the costs yourself.

The process of securing financial resources and then being scheduled for surgery can take several months. The long approval process allows you time to make a final decision about the surgery. Surgery usually isn't scheduled until insurance or other financial coverage is established.

Looking ahead

Surgery for weight reduction isn't a miracle procedure. It doesn't guarantee that you'll lose all of your excess weight or that you'll keep it off long term. Weight-loss success after gastric bypass surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. But the feeling of accomplishment as you lose weight and your improved health are significant benefits and are well worth your efforts.

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